In C#, string is a sequence of Unicode characters or array of characters. The range of Unicode characters will be U+0000 to U+FFFF. The array of characters is also termed as the text. So the string is the representation of the text. A string is an important concept and sometimes people get confused whether the string is a keyword or an object or a class. So let’s clear out this concept.
A string is represented by class System.String. The “string” keyword is an alias for System.String class and instead of writing System.String one can use String which is a shorthand for System.String class. So we can say string and String both can be used as an alias of System.String class. So string is an object of System.String class.
Example:
string s1 = “TechforTech”; // creating the string using string keyword String s2 = “TAS”; // creating the string using String class System.String s3 = “Pro Tech”; // creating the string using String class
The String class is defined in the .NET base class library. In other words a String object is a sequential collection of System.Char objects which represents a string. The maximum size of String object in memory is 2GB or about 1 billion characters. System.String class is immutable, i.e once created its state cannot be altered.
Program: To illustrate how to declare the string and initialize the string. Also, below program show the declaration and initialization of a string in a single line.
// C# program to declare string using
// string, String and System.String
// and initialization of string
using System;
class Tech {
// Main Method
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// declare a string Name using
// "System.String" class
System.String Name;
// initialization of String
Name = "Tech";
// declare a string id using
// using an alias(shorthand)
// "String" of System.String
// class
String id;
// initialization of String
id = "33";
// declare a string mrk using
// string keyword
string mrk;
// initialization of String
mrk = "97";
// Declaration and initialization of
// the string in a single line
string rank = "1";
// Displaying Result
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}", Name);
Console.WriteLine("Id: {0}", id);
Console.WriteLine("Marks: {0}", mrk);
Console.WriteLine("Rank: {0}", rank);
}
}
Output:
Name: Tech Id: 33 Marks: 97 Rank: 1
String Characteristics:
- It is a reference type.
- It’s immutable( its state cannot be altered).
- It can contain nulls.
- It overloads the operator(==).
Differences between String and System.String :
The string is an alias for System.String. Both String and System.String means same and it will not affect the performance of the application. “string” is keyword in C#. So the main difference comes in the context, how to use these:
- The String is used for the declaration but System.String is used for accessing static string methods.
- The String is used to declare fields, properties etc. that it will use the predefined type System.String. It is the easy way to use.
- The String has to use the System.String class methods, such as String.SubString, String.IndexOf etc. The string is only an alias of System.String.
Note: In .NET, the text is stored as a sequential collection of the Char objects so there is no null-terminating character at the end of a C# string. Therefore a C# string can contain any number of embedded null characters (‘\0’).
String arrays: We can also create the array of string and assigns values to it. The string arrays can be created as follows:
Syntax:
String [] array_variable = new String[Length_of_array]
Example: To illustrate the creation of string arrays and assigning values to it
// C# program for an array of strings
using System;
class Tech {
// Main Method
static void Main(string[] args)
{
String[] str_arr = new String[3];
// Initialising the array of strings
str_arr[0] = "Tech";
str_arr[1] = "For";
str_arr[2] = "Tech";
// printing String array
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine("value at Index position "+i+" is "+str_arr[i]);
}
}
}
Output:
value at Index position 0 is Tech value at Index position 1 is For value at Index position 2 is Tech
Reading String from User-Input: A string can be read out from the user input. ReadLine() method of console class is used to read a string from user input.
Example:
// C# program to demonstrate Reading
// String from User-Input
using System;
class Tech {
// Main Method
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter the String");
// Declaring a string object read_user
// and taking the user input using
// ReadLine() method
String read_user = Console.ReadLine();
// Displaying the user input
Console.WriteLine("User Entered: " + read_user);
}
}
Input:
Hello Tech !
Output:
Enter the String User Entered: Hello Tech !
Different Ways for Creating a String:
- Create a string from a literal
- Create a string using concatenation
- Create a string using a constructor
- Create a string using a property or a method
- Create a string using formatting
Create a string from a literal: It is the most common way to create a string. In this, a user has to define string variable and then assign the value within the double quotes. We can use any type of characters within double quotes except some special character like a backslash (\).
Program: To illustrate the string creation using literals
// C# program to demonstrate the
// string creation using literals
using System;
class Tech {
// Main Method
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string str1 = "TechforTech";
Console.WriteLine(str1);
// Give Error Unrecognized escape sequence \H, \G, \p
// string str3 = "X:\Home\TAS\Tech.cs";
// Console.WriteLine(str3);
// using double slash \\
string str2 = "X:\\Home\\TAS\\program.cs";
Console.WriteLine(str2);
}
}
Output:
TechforTech X:\Home\TAS\program.cs
Create a string using concatenation: We can create a string by using string concatenation operator “+” in C#. To create a single string from any combination of String instances and string literals, the string concatenation operator (+) is used to combine or merge one or more string.
Program: To illustrates the use of the string concatenation operator
// C# program to demonstrate the use of
// the string concatenation operator.
using System;
class Tech {
// Main Method
public static void Main()
{
string s1 = "Tech";
string s2 = "a";
string s3 = "For";
string s4 = "Tech";
// using concatenation operator
string str = s1 + s2 + s3 + s4 + "s";
Console.WriteLine(str);
}
}
Output:
TechaforTech
Create a string using Constructor: The String class has been several overloaded constructors which take an array of characters or bytes. Some of the constructors include pointers to character arrays or signed byte arrays as parameters.
Program: To illustrates Creation of a string using the constructor
// C# program to demonstrate the creation
// of string using the constructor
using System;
class Tech {
// Main Method
public static void Main()
{
char[] chars = { 'T', 'E', 'E', 'K', 'S' };
// Create a string from a character array.
string str1 = new string(chars);
Console.WriteLine(str1);
// Create a string that consists of
// a character repeated 20 times.
string str2 = new string('G', 10);
Console.WriteLine(str2);
/* below comment part give the error
for unsafe mode go through offline
sbyte[] bytes = { 0x41, 0x42, 0x43,
0x44, 0x45, 0x00 };
string stringtoBytes = null;
string stringtomChars = null;
unsafe
{
fixed (sbyte* pbytes = bytes)
{
// Create a string from a pointer
// to a signed byte array.
stringFromBytes = new string(pbytes);
}
fixed (char* pchars = chars)
{
// Create a string from a pointer
// to a character array.
stringFromChars = new string(pchars);
}
}
Console.WriteLine(stringtoBytes); // output : ABCDE
Console.WriteLine(stringtoChars); // output : TECH */
}
}
Output:
TECH TTTTTTTTTT
Create a string using a Property or a Method: To retrieving a property or calling a method which always returns a string. For example, using methods of the String class to extract a substring from a larger string.
Program: To illustrate the Creation of a string using a Property or a Method
// C# program to extract a substring from a larger
// string using methods of the String class
using System;
class Tech {
// Main Method
public static void Main()
{
string sentence = "Tech For Tech";
// Extract the second word.
// taking the first space position value
int startpos = sentence.IndexOf(" ") + 1;
// taking the second space position value
int endpos = sentence.IndexOf(" ", startpos) - startpos;
// now extract second word from the sentence
string wrd = sentence.Substring(startpos, endpos);
Console.WriteLine(wrd);
}
}
Output:
For
Create a string using Format: The “Format” method is used to convert the value or object to its string representation. The String.Format method returns a string.
Program: To illustrate the creation of string using Format method
// C# method to illustrate the creation
// of string using format method
using System;
class Tech {
// Main Method
public static void Main()
{
int no = 10;
string cname = "BMW";
string clr = "Red";
// string creation using string.Format method
string str = string.Format("{0} {1} Cars color " +
"are {2}", no.ToString(), cname, clr);
Console.WriteLine(str);
}
}
Output:
10 BMW Cars color are Red
String Class Properties: The String class has two properties as follows:
- Chars: It is used to get the Char object at a specified position in the current String object.
- Length: It is used to get the number of characters in the current String object. To know more about the string class properties please go to String Properties in C#.
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